Force Majeure in Electronic Agreements in the Digital Era: An Indonesian Civil Law Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71250/rlr.v4i2.183Abstract
Force majeure in electronic agreements presents a legal issue due to increasing reliance on electronic systems, digital networks, software, servers, payment infrastructure, and third-party technology providers. Technological disruptions may prevent or delay contractual performance, raising the question of whether they constitute force majeure or breach of contract under Indonesian civil law. This study examines the regulation of force majeure in electronic agreements, the criteria for classifying technological disruptions as force majeure or breach of contract, and the legal consequences of such classification. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the analysis is based on Articles 1244, 1245, and 1338 of the Indonesian Civil Code and Law Number 1 of 2024 amending Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. The study finds that force majeure in electronic agreements is governed by the interaction of contract law principles and electronic transaction regulations. Technological disruptions cannot automatically be classified as force majeure; assessment must consider foreseeability, control, negligence, mitigation efforts, causation, contractual provisions, and risk allocation. Legal consequences may include exemption from damages, postponement of performance, or termination of the agreement where the impediment is permanent. Thus, classification requires a case-specific assessment under Indonesian civil law.
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Peraturan Perundang-undangan
Republik Indonesia. (2024). Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik
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