Discrimination against Shia Minorities in Indonesia: A Human Rights Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71250/rlr.v4i2.141Keywords:
human rights, religious discrimination, Shia minority, freedom of religion, social exclusion.Abstract
Religious freedom is a fundamental human right guaranteed by the Constitution of Indonesia and international human rights instruments. However, discriminatory practices against religious minority groups remain a pressing challenge. The Shia community, as one of these minorities, has often faced social exclusion, stigmatization, restrictions on religious activities, and unequal treatment in public life. In Makassar, the presence of Shia organizations has frequently encountered resistance from certain segments of society. This study aims to analyze the process of discrimination against the Shia minority in Makassar, identify the forms of discrimination experienced, and examine government policies in addressing such issues. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and literature review. Informants included Shia community leaders, religious leaders, academics, and government representatives, selected purposively. Data analysis followed the Miles and Huberman interactive model, consisting of reduction, display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that discrimination against the Shia community is shaped by theological differences, identity politics, and institutional factors. It manifests in direct, indirect, and regulatory forms. Although legal frameworks exist to protect religious freedom, their implementation remains ineffective, creating a gap between constitutional guarantees and the lived realities of the Shia minority in Makassar
References
Abubakar, Rifa'I. (2019). Pemikiran Politik Tentang Negara di Kalangan Syi'ah. Yogyakarta: Repository UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Abubakar, Rifa'I. (2020). Pergulatan Syi'ah Dalam Kontestasi Politik Keagamaan di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: SUKA-Press.
Al Khanif. (2010). Hukum Dan Kebebasan Beragama Di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: LaksBang Mediatama.
Atabik, Ahmad. (2015). Melacak Historis Syiah (Asal Usul, Perkembangan dan Aliran-Alirannya). Vol. 3, No. 2.
Bhargava, Rajeev. (2004). Inclusion and Exclusion in South Asia: The Role of Religion. Human Development Report Office.
Budiarjo, Miriam. (1996). Demokrasi di Indonesia (Demokrasi Parlementer dan Demokrasi Pancasila). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Febrianti, Mila. (2020). Aliran Syiah dan Pemikirannya. Jurnal Mimbar, 6 No. 1.
Furchan, Arief. (2008). Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional.
Giddens, Anthony. (2006). Sociology (5th Edition). Polity Press.
Human Rights Watch. (2013). Atas Nama Agama: Pelanggaran Terhadap Minoritas Agama Di Indonesia.
Huberman, Milles. (1992). Analisis Data Kualitatif. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press.
Ida, Rachmah and Dyson, Laurentius. (2015). Konflik Sunni-Syiah Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Komunikasi Intrareligius Pada Komunitas Di Sampang-Madura. Jurnal Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 28, no. 1, h. 33-49.
Ishak, N. (2022). Religious Tolerance in the Constitution and Guarantees for the Protection of Human Rights. Jurnal Scientia Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.15294/jsi.v8i1.35953
Kusniati, R. (2011). Sejarah Perlindungan Hak Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Kaitannya dengan Konsepsi Negara Hukum. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol 4 No. 5.
Lubis, T. Mulya. (1982). Hak Asasi Manusia dan Kita. Jakarta: PT Djaya Pirusa.
Majda, Muhtaj El. (2009). Dimensi-Dimensi HAM: Mengurangi Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). (1999). Syiah Dalam Kehidupan Politik Umat Islam Indonesia. Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia.
Mappanganro, Jumardi. Syaharuddin Abbas Dituduh Syi'ah dan Dipukul, Ini Pembelaan Guru Besar Unhas. Dalam https://makassar.tribunnews.com/2017/04/19 diakses pada 5 Januari 2024.
Mustaming, & Syariah, F. (2021). Jaminan Kebebasan Beragama Menurut Persfektif Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam. Madani Legal Review. https://doi.org/10.31850/malrev.v4i2.629
Nowak, Manfred. (2003). Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.
Nurcahyani, D. (2024). Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional Dan Nasional. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Pancasila, Kewarganegaraan, dan Hukum. https://doi.org/10.70134/pakehum.v1i1.210
Nuruddin, Sabara. (2021). Eksklusi Dan Strategi Pertahanan Diri: Kasus Syiah Sebagai Liyan di Makassar. Jurnal Agama dan Keagamaan 7 No. 2, h. 1-20.
Rijal, Tabhan Symsu. (2018). Titik Temu Konflik Syiah Sunni Pendekatan Politik. Jurnal Ilmiah Ecosystem 18 No. 2.
Roma K Smith, et al. (2009). Hukum HAM. Yogyakarta: Pusham UII.
Rosidi, Achmad. (2013). Direktori Paham, Aliran Dan Tradisi Keagamaan Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Puslitbang Kehidupan Keagamaan Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementrian Agama RI.
Shia Rights Watch. (2013). Shia Ethnic Cleansing in Indonesia. SHIA.
Sugiyono. (2009). Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. (2012). Metode Penelitian Kombinasi (Mixed Methods). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Suyitno. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif: Konsep, Prinsip Dan Operasionalnya. Tulungagung: Akademika Pustaka.
Terre, Eddie Riyadi. Posisi Minoritas Dalam Pluralisme: Sebuah Diskursus Politik Pembebasan. http://interseksi.org/publications/essays/articles/posisi_minoritas.html, diakses 4 Januari 2024.
Warga Bubarkan Pengajian Syiah di Makassar. https://www.kiblat.net/2014/06/27/warga-bubarkan-pengajian-syiah-di-makassar/ diakses pada tanggal 4 Januari 2024.
Yumitro, Gonda. (2017). Pengaruh Pemikiran dan Gerakan Politik Syiah Iran di Indonesia. Malang: UMM Institutional Repository.
Yusuf, A Muri. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan Gabungan. Jakarta: Kencana.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 mohamad arafah idrus, Muhammad Muhammad, Muammar Bakri, Ratna Istianah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author(s) who wish to publish with this journal should agree to the following terms:
- Author(s) retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 License (CC BY-NC) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal for noncommercial purposes.
- Author(s) are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
The publisher publish and distribute the Article with the copyright notice to the Realism: Law Review with the article license CC-BY-NC 4.0.
